Marginal Costing Solution in Gujarati

MARGINAL COSTING SOLUTION IN GUJARATI

This video explains the solution of Marginal Costing university exam questions in Gujarati language in easiest way. 

Marginal Costing Solution in Gujarati

MARGINAL COSTING SOLUTION IN GUJARATI

This video explains the solution marginal costing university exam questions in Gujarati language in easiest way.

Marginal Costing Solution in Gujarati

Marginal Costing Solution in Gujarati

This video explains the Marginal Costing University Exam question solution in Gujarati language in easiest way. 

Marginal Costing

Marginal Costing Solution

This video explains the marginal costing university exam question solution in easiest way.

B Com Sem. II Accountancy - Investment Accounts

Dear Students,

Download the questions for the first chapter 'Investment Accounts'of Accountancy from the below link.

DOWNLOAD QUESTIONS FOR INVESTMENT ACCOUNTS

Cost and Management Accounting: Target Costing

 



Target costing may form part of a question comparing its use to other costing techniques or it may form an entire question including calculation of a target cost.

 

Target Costing involves setting a target cost by subtracting a desired profit margin from a competitive market price.

 

Target Costing involves setting a target cost by subtracting a desired profit margin from a competitive market price.

 

Target Cost is an estimate of product cost which is determined by subtracting a desired profit margin from a competitive market price. This target cost may by less than the planned initial product cost but it is expected to be achieved by the time the product reaches the maturity stage of the product life cycle.

 

Need of Target Costing:

 

To compete effectively, organizations must continually redesign their products or services. in order to shorten product life cycles. The planning, development and design stage of a product is therefore critical to an organization's cost management process. Considering possible cost reductions at this stage of a product life cycle, is now one of the most important issue facing management accountants in industry.

 

Following are some examples of decisions made at the design stage which impact on the cost of a product:

 

The number of different components

Whether the components are standard or not

The ease of changing over tools

 

Japanese companies have developed target costing as a response to the problem of controlling and reducing costs over the product life cycle

 

Implementing Target Costing...

 

In 'product costing/pricing strategy' (ACCA Students Newsletter, August 1999) one of the examiners provided a useful summary of the steps in the implementation of the target costing process:

 

STEP 1 Determine a product specification of which an adequate sales volume is estimated

 

STEP 2 Set a selling price at which the organization will be able to achieve a desired market share

 

STEP 3 Estimate the required profit based on return on sales or return on investment

 

STEP 4 Calculate the target cost = target selling price - target profit

 

STEP 5 Compile an estimated cost for the product based on the anticipated design specification and current cost level.

 

STEP 6 Calculate target cost gap = estimated cost - target cost

 

STEP 7 Make efforts to close the gap. This is more likely to be successful if efforts are made to 'design out' costs prior to production rather than to 'control out' costs during the production phase.

 

STEP 8 Negotiate with the customer before making the decision about whether to go ahead with the project.

Source: ACCA Study Text Paper F5, Performance Management

Activity Based Costing

 

An alternative to absorption costing is Activity Based Costing [ABC]

 

ABC involves the identification of the factors (cost drivers) which cause the costs of an organization's major activities. Support overheads are charged to products on the basis of their usage of an activity.

 

The costs that vary with production level in the short term, the cost driver will be volume related (labour or machine hours).

 

Overheads that vary with some other activity (and not volume of production) should be traced to products using transaction based cost drivers such as production runs or number of orders received.

Reasons for the development of ABC:

The traditional cost accumulation system of absorption costing was developed in a time when most organizations produced only a narrow range of products, so that products were underwent similar operations and consumed similar proportion of overheads. And overhead costs were only a very small fraction of total costs, direct labour and direct material costs accounting for the largest proportion of the costs. The benefits of more accurate system for overhead allocation would probably have been relatively small. In addition, information processing costs were high.

 

In recent years, there has been a dramatic fall in the costs of processing information, and with the advent of Advance Manufacturing Technology (AMT), overheads are likely to be far more important and in fact direct labour may account for as little as 5% of the production cost. It therefore now appears difficult to justify the use of direct labour or direct material as the basis for absorbing overheads or to believe that errors made in attributing overheads will not be significant.

 

Many resources are used in non-volume related support activities, such as setting up, production scheduling, inspection and data processing. These support activities assists the efficient manufacture of a wide range of products and are not, in general, affected by changes in production volume. They tend to vary in the long term according to the range and complexity of the products manufactured rather than the volume of output.

 

Thus, traditional costing system assumes that all products consumes all resources in proportion to their production volumes, tend to allocate too great a proportion of overheads to high volume products and too small a proportion of overheads to low volume products. So ABC attempts to overcome this problem.

 

Definition of ABC:

 

Activity Based Costing (ABC) involves the identification of the factors which cause the cost of an organization's major activities. Support overheads are charged to products on the basis of their usage of the factor causing the overheads.

 

The major ideas behind ABC are as follows:

 

(1) Activities cause costs. Activities includes ordering, materials handling, machining, assembly, production scheduling and dispatching.

 

(2) Producing products creates demand for the activities.

 

(3) Costs are assigned to a product on the basis of the product's consumption of the activities.

 

Outline of an ABC system:

 

An ABC system operates as follows:

 

STEP 1: Identification of major activities of organization.

 

STEP 2: Identification of the factors, which determine the size of the costs of an activity/cause the costs of an activity. Which are known as 'COST DRIVERS'.

 

STEP 3: Collect the costs associated with each cost driver into what are known as 'COST POOLS'.

 

STEP 4: Charge cost of products on the basis of their usage of the activity. A product's usage of an activity is measured by the number of activity's cost driver it generates.

 

 

Source: ACCA Study text, Paper F5, Performance Management

 

 

SEMESTER III Students: Submit your Final SIP Details

 

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Cost & Management Accounting: Chapter wise analysis of numerical questions asked in GTU

 

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Cost & Management Accounting: IMP Questions for Module IV

 

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Cost & Management Accounting: IMP Questions for Module III

 

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Cost Audit and Cost Accounting Standards

 

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Cost & Management Accounting: Question Paper for Practice

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Cost & Management Accounting: Prefinal Exam Solved Question Papaer

 

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How to get maximum score in Cost & Management Accounting...?

 Dear Students, 

Exams are about to come and all are busy in final revision and preparation. As per experience of the first semester results, some students are worrying about no addition in backlogs ;-) whereas remaining are about to secure the maximum score in each subject.

As you aware that Cost and Management Accounting is one of the scoring subject in second semester. So here are the some tips that will be useful to all those who want to clear this subject with maximum marks.

How to prepare the subject before exam...???

1. First get all the old GTU Question Papers. [Click here to download], observe all carefully and assign the importance of each chapter for practical question and numerical questions.

2. Solve all the papers in proper way. 

3. Revise all the solved questions and unsolved questions of Text Book I as per GTU i.e. Management Accounting by Paresh Shah - Oxford Uni Press.

4. After completion of Text Book I, also revise the all solved questions of Text Book II, i.e. Cost & Management Accounting by Ravi Kishore - Taxmann Publication.

Precautions during the exam...

1. Have a look of full paper and select the questions that you want to attempt.

2. Always try to maintain the sequence of questions at the time of writing answers.

3. Before you start particular question, again read it properly and find out what exactly is asked in the question.

4. Always attempt the full paper and allocate the appropriate time to each question.

5. Good handwriting and Presentation - these are the very important aspects to secure the maximum score. So always remember, handwriting should be readable enough through out the paper, with appropriate presentation in the form of tables, accounts, formats, formulas etc. Avoid overwriting.

6. You can also use the colored pens [as per instruction] to make your presentation more attractive.

7. Be relax at the time of using the calculator, if time permits, check again the totals/figures in the answer.

8. Have a final look of your answer sheet before you submit it to the examiner.

Above tips will be useful to you for final preparation of the subject. You can also follow the same for other subjects.

Remember, there is no shortcut of success... be relax, positive and stress free before - during and - after the exam.

So BEST OF LUCK to you all for final exam and always remember the following formula of success:

Efforts + Prayer = Success

Cost & Management Accounting Chapter 13: Standard Costing and Variance Analysis

 

 

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Cost & Management Accounting Chapter 12: Budget & Budgetary Control System

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Cost & Management Accounting Chapter 18 Pricing Decisions

Cost & Management Accounting Chapter 18 Pricing Decisions

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Cost & Management Accounting Solved Exam Paper

Cost & Management Accounting Solved Exam Paper

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Cost & Management Accounting Chapter 17: Decisions Involving Alternative Choices

Cost & Management Accounting Chapter 17: Decisions Involving Alternative Choices

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